Land & Area calculators

Exactly 4,046.8564 m². An acre is defined as 1 chain × 1 furlong (66 ft × 660 ft) = 43,560 ft², and 1 ft² = 0.09290304 m², which gives 4,046.8564 m². It equals 0.40468564 hectare, so two and a half acres are very close to one hectare (1 ha = 2.47105 acres).

1 acre = 0.40468564 hectare, and 1 hectare = 2.47105 acres. A quick field rule is 'acres ÷ 2.5 ≈ hectares' and 'hectares × 2.5 ≈ acres', which is within about 1%. For paperwork use the exact factor: hectares = acres × 0.40468564.

There is no single national bigha — it is a regional unit. A common 'pucca' bigha is about 1,618.74 m² (≈ 0.40 acre, so ~2.5 bigha per acre), but it ranges from roughly 1,500 to over 3,000 m² depending on the state (Bengal, Bihar, UP, Rajasthan and Gujarat all differ). Always confirm the local bigha before buying or registering land.

Both are small sub-acre units. A guntha is 1/40 of an acre = 101.17 m² (33 ft × 33 ft), common in Maharashtra and Karnataka. A cent is 1/100 of an acre = 40.47 m², used across South India, especially Tamil Nadu and Kerala. So 40 guntha = 1 acre and 100 cent = 1 acre.

Plants per acre = 4,046.86 ÷ (row spacing × plant spacing), with both spacings in metres. For example, 0.6 m × 0.45 m gives 4,046.86 ÷ 0.27 ≈ 14,989 plants per acre. For a triangular (hexagonal) layout at the same distance, multiply by about 1.155 — roughly 15.5% more plants on the same land.

10,000 plants. A hectare is 10,000 m², and at 1 m × 1 m each plant occupies 1 m², so 10,000 ÷ 1 = 10,000 plants. The same formula scales: hectare plant population = 10,000 ÷ (row spacing × plant spacing in metres).

Triangular (also called hexagonal or equilateral) planting fits about 15.5% more plants than a square layout at the identical plant-to-plant distance, because the rows nest into each other. It is the densest packing for a fixed minimum spacing, so it raises population and light capture without crowding neighbours closer than the square design.

First find the area in square metres (length × width for a rectangle, or use the shape formula), then divide by 4,046.86 to get acres, or by 10,000 to get hectares. For an irregular plot, split it into triangles and rectangles, add the parts, then convert. The Land Area Calculator does all of this and shows every unit at once.

Around 0.6 m between rows and 0.20–0.25 m within the row. At 0.6 m × 0.22 m: 4,046.86 ÷ 0.132 ≈ 30,658 plants per acre. Hitting the optimum population matters because both under- and over-planting reduce yield — the Plant Population Yield Response tool shows how much each gap costs.

Trees per acre = 4,046.86 ÷ (row spacing × tree spacing in metres). A classic 5 m × 5 m mango orchard gives 4,046.86 ÷ 25 ≈ 162 trees per acre; a high-density 3 m × 2 m planting gives ≈ 674. Switching to a triangular layout adds about 15.5% more trees at the same minimum distance.

A windbreak shelters roughly 10–15 times its height on the downwind (leeward) side and about 2–5 times its height upwind. So a 10 m tall shelterbelt protects roughly 100–150 m of downwind cropland. A medium-density belt (about 40–60% porosity) gives the best spread of protection without harmful turbulence.

Usually rounding, the use of a different local unit (bigha or cent varies by district), the difference between plot 'as measured on the ground' and the recorded survey number, or sloping land measured on the slope versus on the horizontal. Convert everything to square metres with exact factors first, then compare — small differences are normal, large ones need a re-survey.